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Item Social Class and Corporal Punishment in Child Rearing - A Reassessment(American sociological review, 1974) Erlanger, H. S.In 1958, in his review of available literature on socialization and social class, Bronfenbrenner concluded that working class parents more often use physical punishment, while the middle class resorts to psychological techniques of punishment. The present paper updates this analysis drawing on more recent published studies and on secondary analysis of a national survey; it also examines the magnitude of class differences rather than only their statistical significance. This analysis suggests that, although various studies have found a statistically significant relationship, the relationship is weak. Analysis by type of indicator of punishment, quality of sample, age of children, or year of study does not alter this conclusion, However, none of the studies is definitive and suggestions are offered about topics to be pursued in future research. (Author Abstract)Item Preying on playgrounds: The sexploitation of children in pornography and prostitution(Pepperdine Law Review, 1977) Baker, C. D.Through the enactment of bold new laws, increased enforcement, and severe public pressure, they have gone about constructing large "millstones" as burdensome deterrents to producers, distributors, and retailers of child pornography in an attempt to curb the rapid growth of the multimillion dollar child sexploitation enterprise. Unable to forecast the sudden appearance and rapid rise of child sexploitation, scholars have been caught at a complete surprise and legal literature has yet to touch upon the subject fully. This comment will attempt to present an understanding of this important concern by reviewing the prior legislative voids as well as the problems confronting new legislation hastily drafted to prevent further spread of child sexploitation. Finally, after understanding how society has contracted this social disease, and the harm that it will ultimately produce, this comment will set forth a proposal designed to soothe the trauma of this new form of child abuse. (Author Introduction)Item Acute water intoxication as another unusual manifestation of child abuse(Archives of disease in childhood, 1980) Mortimer, J. G.A 4 1/2-year-old boy developed hyponatraemia with coma and convulsions as the result of acute water intoxication. Information subsequently obtained strongly suggested that the excessive water ingestion was enforced by a punitive foster father.Item Child maltreatment and the use of social services(Public Health Reports, 1981) Ory, M. G., & Earp, J. A.A secondary analysis of 100 cases histories selected from social service records in a county department of social services (DSS) was conducted to examine the amount and kind of social services that persons identified as having maltreated a child received. Other objectives of the analysis were to observe the pattern of social service utilization over time and to discover what, if any, factors were associated with receiving social services. To accomplish these study objectives, two groups were selected for analysis: a target group of 50 families that had been reported to the county DSS for child maltreatment and a group of 50 families that had never been so reported. Both groups were composed mainly of young and socioeconomically deprived families that were characterized by poor incomes, little education, and low occupational levels. Analyses revealed significant differences in the amount and type of social services used by families in the target group and the comparison group. Although family structure was found to be related to the total amount of social service utilization, the degree of social disorganization within the family did not correlate with utilization. The study results indicate that the level of social services that protective service clients need and the level that they are actually getting should be re-examined. (Author Abstract)Item Dead children from problem families in NE Wiltshire(British medical journal (Clinical research ed., 1983) Oliver, J. EAnalysis of 147 families in NE Wiltshire known to have suffered child neglect or abuse over two generations showed than in 21 years 560 children had been born. Of these, 513 were known to have been neglected or assaulted or both; 41 out of 560 had died. Only three deaths led to criminal convictions. Detailed collated confidential information indicated that parental behaviour towards the dead children, in particular those aged from 5 weeks to 1 year, had often caused or contributed to their deaths, including some claimed to be clear-cut cases of accident or illness.Item L'intervention psychosociale et la violence envers les enfants : Une réflexion critique sur la pratique Québécoise(Santé mentale au Québec, 1983) Bouchard, C.L'importance des facteurs socio-économiques et structuraux dans l'explication de la fréquence des mauvais traitements envers les enfants, est souvent sous-estimée par les intervenant (e) s. En conséquence, les modèles d'intervention généralement adoptés reposent en grande partie sur la considération de facteurs personnels (alcoolisme, immaturité des parents, expérience infantile de l'abus, etc.). À la lumière des nombreuses études scientifiques qui démontrent le caractère multidimensionnel des facteurs en jeu, une reconceptualisation de cette problématique et des stratégies d'action à privilégier s'impose. Le modèle écologique apparaît pertinent pour comprendre la nature des interactions réciproques entre l'individu et les environnements significatifs. Ces environnements (micro-méso-exo-macrosystèmes) peuvent influencer directement ou indirectement les familles en difficulté. Les types d'intervention suggérés permettraient d'enrichir ou d'accroître les ressources personnelles et communautaires des collectivités; ils invitent les intervenant (e) s à l'analyse constante et soutenue, et à la modification nécessaire des éléments rneso/exo/ et macrosystémiques des environnements; ils reposent sur le décloisonnement et l'intégration des différents services assurés auprès de ces familles : les services informels, semi-formels et formels. Une rupture épistémologique dans le paradigme qui oriente nos pratiques apparaît essentielle afin de développer une compréhension plus globale de cette problématique et d'intervenir plus localement au sein des collectivités à qui revient ultimement le droit de définir leurs besoins et d'identifier les moyens pertinents pour y répondre. Dans cette perspective, l'intervention serait dynamique (proactive) et non pas réactive, spécifique à chaque communauté et intégrée aux efforts concertés déjà entrepris (ou à développer) par les membres de la communauté. Alors l'intervenant (e) pourrait lui (elle) aussi développer un sens d'appartenance au voisinage qui le protégerait de l'épuisement et d'un sentiment croissant d'impuissance, d'apathie et de futilité principalement engendré par l'observation quotidienne de l'échec. (Author Abstract)Item The Battered-Child Syndrome(JAMA, 1984) Kempe, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemueller, W., & Silver, H. K.The battered-child syndrome, a clinical condition in young children who have received serious physical abuse, is a frequent cause of permanent injury or death. The syndrome should be considered in any child exhibiting evidence of fracture of any bone, subdural hematoma, failure to thrive, soft tissue swellings or skin bruising, in any child who dies suddenly, or where the degree and type of injury is at variance with the history given regarding the occurrence of the trauma. Psychiatric factors are probably of prime importance in the pathogenesis of the disorder, but knowledge of these factors is limited. Physicians have a duty and responsibility to the child to require a full evaluation of the problem and to guarantee that no expected repetition of trauma will be permitted to occur. (Author Abstract)Item Child Abuse and Other Risks of Not Living with Both Parents(Ethology and Sociobiology, 1985) Daly, Martin ; Wilson, MargotThis study was undertaken to quantify various risks to children as a function of the identity of the person(s) in loco parentis. The household circumstances of children in Hamilton (a midsized Canadian city) were surveyed by telephone, and combined with information on child abuse victims, runaways, and juvenile offenders, to arrive at victimization rates according to age and household type. Both abuse and police apprehension were least likely for children living with two natural parents. Preschoolers living with one natural and one stepparent were 40 times more likely to become child abuse cases than were like-aged children living with two natural parents. Whereas abuse risk was significantly higher for children living with a stepparent than for those with a single parent, the reverse was true of the risk of apprehension for criminal offenses. Several variables were examined as possible confounds of household composition. Socioeconomic status, family size, and maternal age at the child's birth were all predictors of abuse risk, but these factors differed little or not at all between natural-parent and stepparent families and could not account for the stepparent-abuse association. As predicted from Darwinian considerations, stepparents themselves evidently constitute a risk factor for child abuse. (Author Abstract)Item A community approach to child sexual abuse: The role of the office of the district attorney.(Response, 1986) Cramer, B.;Item Bitemark identification in child abuse cases.(Pediatric Dentistry, 1986) Wagner, G. N.Bitemarks in children represent child abuse until proven differently. They are rarely accidental and are good indicators of genuine child abuse. There is a spectrum in the appearance of bitemarks throughout childhood. In infancy the bites tend to be punitive in nature and generally are located anatomically differently from bitemarks inflicted later in life. Older children reflect bitemarks which represent either assault or sexual abuse. These "tool marks" often can be separated on the basis of appearance as well as location. Human bitemarks are identified by their shape and size. They have an elliptical or oval pattern containing tooth and arch marks. These impressions can be matched against the dentition and dental impressions of the victim and suspects. Using tool-mark technology, comparisons are possible even in limited material. Computer enhancement of bitemark photographs increases a favorable comparison by further delineating unique characteristics of the arch and individual teeth.Item Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys(Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1986) Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J.This article compares the rate of physical abuse of children and spouses from a 1975 study with the rates from a 1985 replication. Both studies used nationally representative samples (2,143 families in 1975 and 3,520 families in 1985), and both found an extremely high incidence of severe physical violence against children (“child abuse”) and a high incidence of violence against spouses. However, the 1985 rates, although high, were substantially lower than in 1975: the child abuse rate was 47% lower, and the wife abuse rate was 27% lower. Possible reasons for the lower rates in 1985 are examined and evaluated, including (a) differences in the methods of the studies, (b) increased reluctance to report, (c) reductions in intrafamily violence due to ten years of prevention and treatment effort, and (d) reduction due to changes in American society and family patterns that would have produced lower rates of intrafamily violence even without ameliorative programs. The policy implications of the decreases and of the continued high rate of child abuse and spouse abuse are discussed. (Author Abstract)Item The Sexual Exploitation of Missing Children: A Research Review(Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1988) Finkelhor, D., & Hotaling, G.T.Item Sexual abuse in young children: Its clinical presentation and characteristic patterns(Child Abuse & Neglect, 1988) Gale, J., Thompson, R. J., Moran, T., & Sack, W. H.A retrospective record survey was performed using all child clients aged less than 7 years seen at a community mental health center during the period 1982–1984. The total number of 202 children fell into three groups: sexually abused (n = 37), physically abused (n = 35), and nonabused clinical children (n = 130). These groups were compared in order to learn more about sexual abuse in young children. Family background of both abused groups were similar to each other but differed from the nonabused group in having more factors related to family stress than the nonabused group. Clinical presentations of all the children overlapped a great deal symptomatically; however, the sexually abused children had a statistically significant higher frequency of inappropriate sexual behavior than the other two groups. Several characteristics of the abusive patterns suffered by the two abuse groups differed at or near statistical significance: sexually abused children were more often victimized in single acts by nonrelated child perpetrators than were physically abused children.Item The effects of observing conjugal violence on children: A review and analysis of research methodology.(Journal of Family Violence, 1989) Fantuzzo, J. W., & Lindquist, C. U.This review specifically addresses the effects on children of observing conjugal violence. A research of six major computer databases revealed 1764 references on family violence of which 29 articles dealt directly with the effects on children. These articles were judged by independent raters using a 56-item rating system designed to analyze methodological and assessment issues of empirical investigations. This analysis summarized these research efforts and indicated the need for more careful consideration of definitional, subject variable, familial stress, and reactive vs long-term effect issues. Additionally, specific proposals for future research were outlined; suggestions related to these issues, and some new directions for investigation were provided.Item Convention on the Rights of the Child(Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1989)Item Report decision-making patterns among mandated child abuse reporters(Child Abuse & Neglect, 1990) Zellman, G. L.The goal of this investigation was to examine whether reporting decisions could be described by a coherent process that was consistent across incidents of suspected abuse. Using case vignettes imbedded in a national mail survey of mandated reporters, we examined the relationship between a series of judgments about the cases described in the vignettes and reporting intentions. These judgments included seriousness of the incident; whether the incident should be labeled “abuse” or “neglect”; whether the law would require a report; and whether the child and, separately, the rest of the family would benefit from a report. These five abuse-relevant judgments were strongly related to each other and together accounted for a substantial amount of the variance in reporting intentions. The law's demands most closely related to reporting intentions; benefits of reports were least closely related. Varimax rotation of a factor analysis revealed two factors: The first included seriousness, the abuse label, and the law's requirements, along with reporting intentions. The two benefit judgments loaded on the second factor. There were small differences in reporting judgments and patterns as a function of type of abuse. The implications of these findings for mandated reporter behavior are discussed. (Author Abstract) [Note: Republished by Rand with permission from: Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1990), pp. 325–336.]Item The State's Failure to Protect Children and Substantive Due Process: Deshaney in Context(North Carolina Law Review, 1990) Oren, L. E.Item Children abducted by family members:(Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1991) Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G.T., & Sedlak, A. J.