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Psychological First Aid Guide for Children’s Advocacy Center Supervisors

(Southern Regional Children’s Advocacy Center, 2024) Miller, B., Brymer, M., Louie, K., & Hangartner, K.

The National Child Traumatic Stress Network and the National Center for PTSD PFA, on which this guide is based, is an evidence-informed modular approach for assisting people in the immediate aftermath of disasters, terrorism, or other critical incidents to reduce initial distress and to foster both short- and long-term adaptive functioning. The version we are adapting was created by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network and the National Center for PTSD (Brymer et al., 2006) and has the consensus endorsement of experts in the field of disaster mental health. PFA is in use and has been disseminated by the American Red Cross, the American Psychological Association (APA), the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and many others. Because PFA is, in essence, a framework for providing a sense of safety, support, and comfort for a person, it provides helpful ideas in the CAC setting after critical incidents. Because the aim of PFA is the provision of support and comfort, it is not a clinical intervention. It includes, rather, very concrete problem-solving approaches, which means PFA-CAC can be applied by supervisors whether they have clinical training or not.

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(Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2024) Bücken, C. A., Mangiulli, I., Erens, B., de Ruiter, C., & Otgaar, H.

Purpose: In the current study, we investigated whether denial and avoidance rates differed statistically significantly based on the interview protocol used. Method: We examined 38 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) interview transcripts, and 30 control transcripts from interviews from an earlier study (Applied Cognitive Psycholog y, 2022, 36, 7) conducted with alleged child victims of abuse at Dutch child protection services. Results: We detected 57 denial and 282 avoidance statements across the 68 interviews. No statistically significant differences emerged between (1) the proportion of denials using NICHD (42%, n=16/38) and control interviews (30%, n=9/30), and (2) the average number of denial statements between NICHD (M=0.84) and control interviews (M=0.83). Furthermore, denials (and avoidances) were not more or less likely to occur in response to certain types of questions, even though the majority of denials in our sample occurred in response to option-posing questions (60%, n=34/57). Denials did occur statistically significantly less often within the first half of the individual interviews in NICHD than in control interviews. Conclusions: Our findings call attention to the difficulties child protection services face in investigative interviews with alleged child victims

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An Analysis of Sexual Grooming in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse by Educators

(SSRN, 2024) Jeglic, E., & Winters, G. M.

There is growing recognition that educator sexual misconduct is prevalent in kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) schools. While there is some evidence that educators may use sexual grooming in the abuse process, this has yet to be systematically examined. The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which adult survivors of educator-perpetrated child sexual abuse (CSA) reported experiencing sexual grooming behaviors. As part of a larger anonymous online survey of characteristics of CSA, 24 adult survivors who reported that the perpetrator was an educator responded to questions about the characteristics of their abuse, including whether they experienced sexual grooming behaviors as delineated by the content-validated Sexual Grooming Model. The results showed that sexual grooming behaviors were frequently reported across all stages of the sexual grooming process. The most commonly reported behaviors included that the educator was involved in youth-serving organizations (92%), selected a child who was overly compliant/trusting of adults (83%), was charming/likable/nice (71%), gave the child a lot of attention (67%), used seemingly innocent touch (67%), and used accidental touching or distraction while touching (67%). We also found that most of the abuse occurred on school property during the school day while school was in session, and that one third of the educators who perpetrated the CSA were gym teachers or coaches. The findings are discussed as they relate to policies for the prevention of child sexual abuse within educational settings.

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Examining Individual and Contextual Correlates of Victimization for Juvenile Human Trafficking in Florida

(Journal of interpersonal violence, 2024) De Vries, I., Baglivio, M., & Reid, J. A.

Despite extant literature on individual-level risk factors for sex trafficking among children and adolescents, little is known about the impact of social and ecological contexts on risk of human trafficking victimization. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates signaling risk of human trafficking victimization at the individual, family, social, and community levels utilizing a sample of 40,531 justice-involved male and female youth, a small fraction of whom were suspected or verified victims of human trafficking between 2011 and 2015 (N = 801, including 699 female and 102 male youth). Using this sample, we examined differences across individual, family, social, and community characteristics of youth involved in the juvenile justice system who have a history of trafficking victimization and youth without such histories. Series of logistic regression analyses were conducted using varying control groups, created through exact matching and randomized matching groups to address sample imbalances. These analyses indicate that, at the individual level, youth who had experienced childhood adversities were more likely to report human trafficking victimization. Sex differences were found regarding risk factors pertaining to the family and broader socio-ecological contexts. Female youth who had witnessed family violence had an antisocial partner or antisocial friends, or resided in a community with a greater proportion of the population being foreign-born or speaking English less than very well were at heightened risk for human trafficking victimization. Little evidence was found for community-level risk factors of victimization in this specific sample of justice-involved youth. These findings encourage more research to unpack the multilevel correlates of victimizations at the individual, family, social, and community levels, recognizing potential differences between female and male youth regarding the factors that put them at heightened risk for juvenile sex trafficking victimizations. Practice and policy should direct awareness and prevention measures to social and ecological contexts.

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Collaboration between Criminal Justice and Child Protection in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse: Unveiling Inhibiting and Facilitating Factors

(Child Abuse Review, 2024) Eilfgang, J., Bayer, L., Cigelski, M., Mensing, F., von Seeler, I., Sewald, H., & Pülschen, S.

Victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) in criminal proceedings face a range of stress factors. In response to this, collaboration between criminal justice and child protection professionals has been established both legally and informally, such as in the newly established Childhood Houses in Germany, which follow the model of the Scandinavian Barnahus to reduce stress and prevent revictimisation. This study intends to identify facilitating and inhibiting factors in the collaboration between the child protection and criminal justice systems in cases of CSA in Germany. Twenty-eight qualitative interviews with experts from child protection, like counselling centre employees (n = 5), psychosocial court supporters (n = 5) and youth welfare office workers (n = 5), and the criminal justice system, like prosecutors (n = 5), police officers (n = 5) and attorneys (n = 3). The interviews are structured by a questionnaire and analysed using Kuckartz’s method of qualitative content analysis (QCA). Findings show that key factors like information flow, assessments of collaboration partners, uncertainties about laws and actors’ perspectives on reporting and networking determine the success or failure of interagency collaboration.