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Browsing CALiO Collection of Resources by Subject "abuse"
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Item The biological embedding of child abuse and neglect: Implications for policy and practice(Society for Research in Child Development, 2014) Jaffee, S. R., & Christian, C. W.Each year within the US alone over 770,000 children are victimized by abuse and neglect (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010), and this figure is likely to underestimate the extent of the problem. Researchers have long recognized that maltreatment has adverse effects on children’s mental health and academic achievement. Studies of adults show that adverse childhood experiences like maltreatment increase risk for chronic diseases of aging, including Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. What the field does not fully understand is why maltreatment has such pervasive effects. Studies on the neuroscience of maltreatment have begun to offer some clues. Victims of maltreatment differ from non-victims with respect to brain structure and function, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-(HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system function, immune function, and epigenetic markers. These studies identify potential mechanisms by which maltreatment increases risk for poor mental and physical health and poor school performance by affecting systems that subserve memory, attention, the response to stress, and inflammation. The findings highlight the importance of broadening the scope of child welfare beyond child protection to include child wellbeing. A focus on child well-being would require integrated services, wherein comprehensive mental and physical health care are routinely offered to victims of maltreatment and case workers, pediatricians, and psychologists would work as teams to determine how best to deliver care to children and families in the child welfare system. In working with the family, such efforts could potentially reduce the risk of re-victimization which commonly jeopardizes long-term gains in child well-being.Item Building healthy teen relationships: An evaluation of the Fourth R Curriculum with middle school students in the Bronx(U.S. Department of Justice, 2014) Cissner, A. B., & Ayoub, L. H.National estimates indicate that anywhere from one in ten to one in five adolescents experience physical dating violence and an even greater number experience verbal or psychological abuse.The Fourth R: Strategies for Healthy Youth Relationships is a dating violence prevention curriculum, previously shown to reduce physical dating violence among Canadian ninth-grade students. Utilizing a randomized controlled trial design, this study tests the effectiveness of the Fourth R curriculum with a younger, diverse, urban population in the Bronx, New York. A secondary quasi-experimental study seeks to examine whether the Fourth R had any school-wide benefits across the experimental schools, reaching even those students who did not directly receive the curriculum. We hypothesized that students who were exposed to the Fourth R would show improvements in the following primary and secondary target attitudes and behaviors: teen dating violence, sexual harassment/assault, peer violence/bullying, sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, perceptions of school safety, acceptance of gender stereotypes and pro-violence beliefs, and pro-social responses to violence.Item Child Maltreatment 2012(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families., 2013) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.The data are submitted voluntarily by the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The first report from NCANDS was based on data for 1990. This report for federal fiscal year (FFY) 2012 data is the 23rd issuance of this annual publication. This Child Maltreatment 2012 report presents national data about child abuse and neglect known to CPS agencies in the United States during Federal fiscal year (FFY) 2012.Item Child Maltreatment and Links with Experiences of Interpersonal Violence in Sport in a Sample of Canadian Adolescents(Social Sciences, 2023) Parent, S., Clermont, C., Radziszewski, S., Vertommen, T., & Dion, J.Purpose: This study aimed to explore links between child maltreatment (CM) and experiences of interpersonal violence (IV) in sport among adolescent sport participants. To our knowledge, no studies have yet considered this association. This is surprising given that the literature outside of sport clearly shows that CM is related to revictimization in adolescence and adulthood. Methods: The sample consists of 983 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years old participating in an organized sport. They completed a self-report survey in class at six Canadian schools assessing CM and IV in sport. Logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations between CM and IV in sport. Results: Child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and exposure to domestic violence were significantly associated with psychological violence and neglect in sport. Exposure to domestic violence was the only form of CM significantly associated with physical violence in sport. Child sexual abuse and neglect were significantly associated with sexual violence in sport, while child emotional abuse and exposure to domestic violence were significantly associated with peer violence in sport. Physical abuse was the only form of CM significantly associated with coach violence. Child physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence were positively associated with violence from parents in sport. Conclusions: Considering the associations between CM and IV in sport, further investigations are necessary on how to prevent revictimization. It also highlights the importance of athlete-centered and trauma-informed practices in sport. Implications and Contribution: This study was the first, to our knowledge, to show the relationship between CM and the experience of IV in organized sport, as reported by 983 Canadian adolescents. Our findings reveal different associations depending on the type of IV (physical, sexual, psychological, or neglect) and the perpetrators (peers, coaches, or parents).Item Child Maltreatment, 2019(U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2021) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s BureauThis edition marks the 30th instance child maltreatment data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System have been publicly released in the Child Maltreatment report series. Child Maltreatment is a highly successful report, which is relied upon by many users for critical statistics concerning child abuse and neglect in the United States. The first report, National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System: Working Paper 1–1990 Summary Data Component was released in April 1992 and was the result of 4 years of work to design and implement a national data collection and analysis system for state child protective services data. Data were collected from 49 states, the District of Columbia, the Territory of Guam, and all branches of the Armed ServicesItem From Science to Practice: Findings and Implications from the LONGSCAN Studies(Injury Prevention Research Center., 2013) Injury Prevention Research CenterThese findings represent the primary analyses conducted using LONGSCAN data, but the investigators and other scientists continue to work with the data to examine other important issues. The dataset is housed at the National Data Archives 4 on Child Abuse and Neglect. LONGSCAN’s remarkable duration and scope have been noted by the Institute of Medicine in the recent review of child maltreatment research. We are not done; the study continues with a grant supported by the National Institutes of Health and led by Dr. Howard Dubowitz, which will continue to follow the participants, now young adults, into their 20s.Item Group Therapy for Survivors of Childhood Abuse(The University of Texas at Austin, 2007) Stice, P.There are four parts to this manual: A. Theory and knowledge base of treatment model 1. Nature of chronic trauma experience 2. Characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 3. Co-morbidity factors. B. Three-step stages of recovery — a developmental model for treatment C. Group therapy guidelines D. Appendix and BibliographyItem Just How Reliable Is the Human Memory? The Admissibility of Recovered Repressed Memories in Criminal Proceedings(Touro Law Review, 2020) Malone, S. L.Item Juvenile Violent Victimization, 1995–2018(The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2020) Keith Hullenaar and R. Barry RubackThis bulletin uses three different data sources to examine juvenile violent victimization from 1995 to 2018. The Offce of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention funded this analysis to provide practitioners and researchers with recent information about the characteristics of both juvenile victims and juvenile victimizations, and how these variables change over time.Item LGBTQ Youth and Sexual Abuse: Information for Mental Health Professionals(National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2014) National Child Traumatic Stress NetworkItem The sexual abuse to prison pipeline: The girls' story.(Ms. Foundation for Women, Rights4Girls and the Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2015) Saar, M. S., Epstein, R., Rosenthal, L., & Vafa, Y.This report exposes the ways in which we criminalize girls — especially girls of color — who have been sexually and physically abused, and it offers policy recommendations to dismantle the abuse to prison pipeline. It illustrates the pipeline with examples, including the detention of girls who are victims of sex trafficking, girls who run away or become truant because of abuse they experience, and girls who cross into juvenile justice from the child welfare system. By illuminating both the problem and potential solutions, we hope to make the first step toward ending the cycle of victimization-to-imprisonment for marginalized girls.Item Silencing the Rainbow: Prevalence of LGBTQ+ Students Who Do Not Report Sexual Violence(International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023) Tillewein, H., Shokeen, N., Powers, P., Rijo Sánchez, A. J., Sandles-Palmer, S., & Desjarlais, K.Previous research on sexual violence suggests that there is a higher likelihood of students from LGBTQ+ community experiencing sexual violence and not reporting it. This study investigates various types of sexual violence experienced by the LGBTQ+ students and the prevalence of reporting it. The study further determines why different types of sexual violence are not being reported. This study uses a LGBTQ+ scholarship survey data conducted in 2019. Using Pearson’s chi square analysis, the study investigates the relationship between who experienced various kinds of sexual violence and those who do not report it. The study provides descriptive analysis of reasons for not reporting sexual violence across different types of sexual violence. The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between those who experienced various kinds of sexual violence and those who do not report it. In addition, the study illustrates mistrust in support services and fear of embarrassment as the major reasons resulting in non-reporting behaviors. In conclusion, the study illustrates high prevalence for various types of sexual violence against LGBTQ+ students as well as high underreporting. Study results have implications for health professionals and institutions to focus efforts in making school environments safe and inclusive for LGBTQ+ students.Item What science tells us about false and repressed memories(Memory, 2020) Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., & Patihis, L.What does science tell us about memory phenomena such as false and repressed memories? This issue is highly pressing as incorrect knowledge about these memory phenomena might contribute to egregious effects in the courtroom such as false accusations of abuse. In the current article, we provide a succinct review of the scientific nature of false and repressed memories. We demonstrate that research has shown that about 30% of tested subjects formed false memories of autobiographical experiences. Furthermore, this empirical work has also revealed that such false memories can even be implanted for negative events and events that allegedly occurred repeatedly. Concerning the controversial topic of repressed memories, we show that plausible alternative explanations exist for why people claim to have forgotten traumatic experiences; explanations that do not require special memory mechanisms such as the unconscious blockage of traumatic memories. Finally, we demonstrate that people continue to believe that unconscious repression of traumatic incidents can exist. Disseminating scientifically articulated knowledge on the functioning of memory to contexts such as the courtroom is necessary as to prevent the occurrence of false accusations and miscarriages of justice.Item “You Can Get Away with Anything Here… No Justice at All”—Sexual Violence Against US Indigenous Females and Its Consequences(Gender Issues, 2022) McKinley, C. E., & Knipp, H.Sexual violence against Indigenous women has long been used as a tool of colonial violence and conquest. As a contemporary form of historical oppression that may drive associated health and mental health inequities, Indigenous women in the United States experience sexual violence at greater levels than the general population and at and twice the rate of Indigenous men. We use the Indigenous framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence (FHORT) to understand Indigenous women’s experiences of sexual violence and how it differentiates across ecological outcomes related to health and wellness. This exploratory sequential multimethod study with 563 participants (n = 436 qualitative and n = 127 quantitative survey participants) qualitatively explores how Indigenous peoples describe sexual violence and quantitatively investigates key differences across ecological outcomes of wellness related to sexual violence, including alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that all participants (100 percent) who reported sexual violence were women. Thematic analysis of qualitative results revealed the themes related to familial, non-familial, and the historical oppression of a lack of accountability for perpetrators. Quantitative t-Tests results revealed that experiencing sexual violence was associated with significant differences across ecological dimensions of wellness including (a) structural: higher historical oppression, historical loss, oppression, and discrimination; (b) relational: higher adverse childhood experiences and stressful life events and lower family resilience and social support; (c) spiritual: lower spiritual-well-being and life satisfaction; and (d) psychological/behavioral: higher levels of alcohol use, PTSD, and lower levels of psychological resilience. Thus, sexual violence profoundly affected Indigenous women.