CALiO Collection of Resources

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Digital image characteristics for enhanced interpretation in child sexual violence case examinations
(Medical Journal of Indonesia, 2024) Budiningsih, Y., Purwadianto, A., Yudhistira, A., & Budiarso, A.
BACKGROUND Photography is an integrated part of standard forensic examination procedures, acting as a guide and the evidence itself. Despite its potential, no research has yet explored the use of 35mm format cameras (digital single-lens reflex [DSLR]) in sexual violence cases. This study aimed to assess the impact of DSLR camera image characteristics on the interpretation of child sexual abuse cases. METHODS This cross-sectional study used 55 digital photos selected through a convenience sampling. The samples were interpreted by two independent forensic experts who were not affiliated with this research and were compared with the results of the doctor’s examination from the medical records. RESULTS The metadata extraction results (EXIF data) indicated that all characteristic values had an abnormal distribution. The digital photos’ characteristics were associated with the use of a 50mm focal length (p = 0.011). A range of lens opening values (aperture = f7.1–f8.0), shutter speed (1/100–1/125 sec), and sensor sensitivity (ISO = 800–1600) were not associated with the experts’ interpretation conformity. Additionally, the conformity index for the overall interpretation by the two forensic experts differed in each area. CONCLUSIONS Focal length of 50mm was significantly related to interpretation conformity. The exposure triangle settings, including aperture (f7.1–f8.0), shutter speed (1/100–1/125 sec), and ISO (800–1600), can serve as fundamental guidelines for digital camera settings in examining child sexual violence cases.
Initial validation of Hanson Sex Attitude Questionnaire (HSAQ) in Portuguese perpetrators of child sexual abuse and perpetrators of nonsexual crimes
(Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 2024) Sousa, M., Gouveia, C., Cunha, O., Basto-Pereira, M., Gonçalves, R. A., & de Castro Rodrigues, A.
Cognitive distortions (CDs) are a crucial element in the etiology of child sexual offending, with most of the intervention programs targeting them to reduce the risk of sexual recidivism in perpetrators of child sexual abuse (CSA). Researchers have developed the Hanson Sex Attitude Questionnaire (HSAQ) to assess CDs. With a total sample of 256 participants, the Portuguese version of the HSAQ revealed a twofactor structure. The HSAQ subscales demonstrated good to acceptable psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, as well as discriminant validity. One of the subscales also demonstrated convergent validity. Additionally, the two subscales exhibited differences between perpetrators of CSA with and without previous interventions, indicating known-groups validity. Overall, our findings partially support the use of the HSAQ in the forensic Portuguese population, underscoring its significance for clinical and research purposes. Nevertheless, particular caution is advised, especially regarding factor two.
Child maltreatment primary prevention methods in the US: A systematic review of recent studies
(California State University, San Bernardino, 2024) Godoy-Murillo, M.
Background: Child maltreatment remains a widespread issue in the United States of America, (U.S.). Identifying effective methods of preventing child maltreatment is key to reducing the prevalence of this issue. Objective: This systematic review provides an overview of contemporary primary child maltreatment prevention methods in the U.S. to investigate their effectiveness. Methods: Using the OneSearch database, the following keywords were included: (“prevention methods” and “child maltreatment”), (“parental leave” and “child maltreatment”), (“primary prevention” and “child maltreatment”), (WIC and “child maltreatment”), (“home visit” and “child maltreatment”), (“child abuse and neglect” and “primary prevention”), (“affordable housing” and prevention and “child maltreatment”), (“early parent education” and “child maltreatment”), and (TANF and “child maltreatment” and prevention). The articles were narrowed down to include only those that were published between the years 2018 and 2023. Findings: Synthesis and analysis of eight articles found that research on preventative interventions have been more limited compared to secondary and tertiary preventative treatments. Among primary prevention strategies, studies have investigated a relatively diverse pool of prevention strategies against child maltreatment. However, efforts have largely focused on home visitations, which produced inconsistent findings on the effectiveness of primary child maltreatment prevention. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review implicate the need for more primary prevention methods and programs and research on their effectiveness.
Sexual abuse of street children in Pakistan: Legal protection under international and national law
(Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law), 2024) Ullah, N., Abd Aziz, S. N., & Awal, N. A. M.
This study covers the social and legal dimensions of sexual abuse encountered by street children in Pakistan. It aims to elucidate the underlying reasons and contributory factors to child sexual abuse within the nation. This study employed qualitative methods, which involved analyzing data from primary sources such as acts of parliament and relevant journal articles. It highlights the exploitation of street children through prostitution, pornography, trafficking, and sex tourism. Therefore, it explored various manifestations of child sexual abuse both within street settings and beyond, alongside their foundational causes in Pakistani society. The study addresses the issue of sexual abuse among street children from two perspectives. Initially, it examines the different forms, prevalence, causes, and consequences of such abuse. Subsequently, it assesses the efficacy of both international and national laws and policies designed to counteract child sexual abuse. Despite the existence of legal frameworks in Pakistan aimed at addressing this issue, they are critiqued for being inadequate and inconsistent. The paper advocates for the introduction of more stringent legislation and enhanced trial transparency as measures to curb the incidence of child sexual abuse effectively. Updating and reinforcing existing legal provisions could significantly reduce the prevalence of such abuse in society.
Sibling Sexual Abuse: Seven Studies, Seven Insights
(SSRN, 2024) Tener, D.
Background: Sibling sexual abuse remains underexplored, presenting intricate challenges for professionals. The limited existing research fails to capture its extensive impact on individuals and families across childhood and adulthood. Objective: This paper aims to comprehensively explore sibling sexual abuse, delving into its meanings, consequences, and implications for treatment and policy. Seven key insights were drawn from studies conducted between 2013 and 2020.Methods: Seven qualitative research projects on sibling sexual abuse conducted by the author and colleagues were reviewed. The studies utilized various data collection methods, including interviews and focus groups. The aim was to illuminate the issue's complexity from the perspectives of siblings, parents, and professionals. Results: The insights addressed crucial aspects, including the need for research-practice relationships, understanding the subjective experiences of sibling sexual abuse according to siblings and parents during childhood as well as adult survivors, the importance of disclosure, intervention complexities, and impact on professionals' lives. Conclusions: Sibling sexual abuse necessitates heightened attention in research and practice, urging deeper understanding, practical tools, and tailored policy approaches. Acknowledging these complexities is crucial to enhancing the lives of those affected. Professionals must navigate blurred boundaries between normative and abusive behaviors and grasp the profound impact on their work. Prioritizing nuanced multi-layer research could significantly improve the lives impacted by this phenomenon.
Understanding the Victimization-Delinquency Overlap Among Latino Adolescents: The Role of Cultural and Mental Health Factors
(Journal of interpersonal violence, 2022) Cuevas, C. A., Sabina, C., Cudmore Kendall, R., Picard, E., & Goggin, K.
The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether cultural factors and mental health variables distinguish Latino youth who are delinquent-victims, primarily victims, or primarily delinquent. This study used data from the Dating Violence among Latino Adolescents (DAVILA) Study, which surveyed 1,525 Latino youth and queried participants about past year victimization, delinquency, psychological distress, and cultural factors. Using multinomial logistic regression, we evaluated whether these variables differentiated youth who were delinquent-victims, primarily victims, primarily delinquent, or neither delinquent nor victims. Results suggest that delinquent-victim Latino youth are differentiated from other groups primarily by the degree of familial support and anger/hostility. Other cultural and mental health variables do not appear to differentiate the groups, suggesting a greater degree of similarity among them based on the variables used in the analysis. The results indicate that Latino youth that are victimized and engage in delinquent behavior are primarily differentiated by the degree of anger/hostility they experience. Familial support, as has been seen with non-Latino groups, appears to present a significant protective quality and likely can serve as a prevention strategy, particularly for delinquent-victim youth. Study limitations include challenges with retrospective self-report and sampling using RDD methodologies.
The body as a site of knowledge: Tacit and embodied narratives of child sexual abuse
(Qualitative Social Work, 2023) Herland, M. D.
Research on child sexual abuse has underacknowledged the multifaced, tacit and embodied dimensions, leaving the literature without a full picture of events that are often unspeakable, especially with regards to disclosure. This study thus placed emphasis on and highlighted the importance of increased awareness around lived lives and bodily narratives of child sexual abuse. The qualitative study consisted of 14 in-depth, retrospective interviews with Norwegian participants over the age of 18 who experienced child sexual abuse. The analysis shed light on the participants’ silenced and embodied experiences as children, captured by two overall narratives: a) the body speaks the truth and b) living with embodied messiness, complexity and confusion. The narratives that unfolded in participants’ recollections of their childhood embodied stories contain reflections on how the experiences are re-played within their bodies as adults. Study findings focus on participants’ embodied narratives of child sexual abuse – experiences that are often not captured by verbal language. The narratives brought forward in the interviews are linked with participants’ past experiences and current context, as well as interpersonal, emotional, cognitive and embodied processes, as part of the participants’ meaning making around their child sexual abusive histories. Study findings help explain embodied, tacit and complex dimensions concerning lived experiences of child sexual abuse. As such, this research speaks to the field of social work that encounters children and families facing this phenomenon.
“We Try to Fix Things Quietly, and We Do Not Take Revenge”: Christian Arab Teachers’ Experiences Coping with Child Sexual Abuse Among Their Pupils in Israel
(Journal of interpersonal violence, 2024) Sigad, L. I., Shehadeh, K., Lusky-Weisrose, E., & Tener, D.
Teachers are at the frontlines of the fight to identify and cope with child sexual abuse (CSA) among their pupils. Their methods of coping with CSA cases, both personally and professionally, are strongly influenced by their socio-cultural contexts and religious beliefs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the experiences of Christian Arab teachers in Israel coping with the CSA of their pupils. Twelve Christian Arab elementary school teachers in Israel were recruited for the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and a qualitative thematic analysis was employed based on a descriptive phenomenological-psychological approach. Two key themes emerged from the analysis: (a) The teachers’ intense emotional reactions regarding the CSA of their students and the empowerment some found in handling such difficult situations, and (b) The teachers’ Christian beliefs and identity strongly affected their understanding of CSA and their approach to intervention. The findings indicated the dialectical position of the teachers’ religio-cultural context, particularly the duality of the Christian value of forgiveness, a powerful resource for their coping, yet with adverse implications for children’s vulnerability. This unique risk should inform training teachers regarding CSA matters. Teachers must also have systems that support them and allow them to reflectively examine their coping styles.
Emergency Tele-Forensic Interview Guidelines-A guide for the Children’s Advocacy Center response during the COVID-19 pandemic
(National Children's Alliance, 2020) National Children's Alliance
Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs) provide many essential services which have, until now, been conducted in person, and many of these services critical to children's health, safety, and well-being must continue despite the outbreak. Among these services is the foundational forensic interview of children at the center of allegations of child abuse. Experts suggest that tele-forensic interviewing (tele-FI) is an effective and legally defensible alternative to face-to-face interviewing when appropriate guidelines are followed and external factors that could impact the reliability of the children's testimony are effectively addressed. Evidence for tele-FI for children include a review of existing research, plus preliminary results from a large in-progress study funded by the National Science Foundation
Child Sexual Abuse Victimization and Parenting
(Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 2024) Hornor, G.
Effective parenting is crucial to a child's physical, developmental, emotional, and social well-being (Rassart et al., 2022). Parenting behaviors, attitudes, and practices are influenced by several factors, including caregiver values, beliefs, culture, and past experiences (Hornor et al., 2020). Parental history of child sexual abuse can profoundly impact an individual's parenting ability. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) care for children who have experienced sexual abuse or are being parented by a sexual abuse survivor, often without PNP awareness of the trauma exposure. It is crucial for PNPs and all pediatric health care providers to understand the relationship between sexual abuse victimization and parenting to better advocate for vulnerable children and their caregivers. This continuing education article will explore sexual abuse victimization and its’ potential impact on adults who parent with a focus on implications for practice
The Prevalence of Peer Sexual Harassment During Childhood in Australia
(Journal of interpersonal violence, 2024) Hunt, G. R., Higgins, D. J., Willis, M. L., Mathews, B., Lawrence, D., Meinck, F., ... & Haslam, D. M.
Sexual harassment inflicted by adolescents on their peers is a major public health issue, but its prevalence across childhood is not known. We provide the first nationally representative data on the prevalence of peer sexual harassment across childhood, using cross-sectional data from the Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS). The ACMS surveyed 8,503 people aged 16 and over about their experiences of child maltreatment and associated health outcomes. The prevalence of peer sexual harassment was assessed using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ)-R2 Adapted Version (ACMS), with survey data weighted to reflect characteristics of the Australian population. Overall, 1 in 10 (10.4% (95% Confidence Intervals (CI) [9.7, 11.3])) Australians experienced peer sexual harassment during childhood. Peer sexual harassment is an issue disproportionately affecting gender-diverse individuals (24.0%, 95% CI [15.5, 35.2]) and women (15.3%, 95% CI [14.0, 16.7%]), compared to men (5.0%, 95% CI [4.3, 5.9]). Rates of peer sexual harassment were also very high among sexuality diverse participants (prevalence estimates ranging between 14.2% and 29.8%). Peer sexual harassment was predominately inflicted by male peers (9.6%, 95% CI [8.9, 10.4]), compared to 1.8% (95% CI [1.5, 2.2]) reporting harassment from female peers. These findings have implications for understanding and reducing attitudes supporting peer sexual harassment in childhood, particularly against girls and gender and sexuality diverse youth, and associations with other gendered violence both in childhood and later life.
Insights into child abuse and neglect: Findings from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation
(Development and psychopathology, 2024) Nivison, M. D., Labella, M. H., Raby, K. L., Doom, J. R., Martin, J., Johnson, W. F., ... & Roisman, G. I.
The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (MLSRA) is a landmark prospective, longitudinal study of human development focused on a sample of mothers experiencing poverty and their firstborn children. Although the MLSRA pioneered a number of important topics in the area of social and emotional development, it began with the more specific goal of examining the antecedents of child maltreatment. From that foundation and for more than 40 years, the study has produced a significant body of research on the origins, sequelae, and measurement of childhood abuse and neglect. The principal objectives of this report are to document the early history of the MLSRA and its contributions to the study of child maltreatment and to review and summarize results from the recently updated childhood abuse and neglect coding of the cohort, with particular emphasis on findings related to adult adjustment. While doing so, we highlight key themes and contributions from Dr Dante Cicchetti’s body of research and developmental psychopathology perspective to the MLSRA, a project launched during his tenure as a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.
An investigation of the linguistic and deceptive characteristics of online grooming types
(Journal of Sexual Aggression, 2024) Broome, L. J., Izura, C., & Davies, J.
A defining feature of online grooming (OG) behaviour is the development of a deceptive relationship to hide the intent of sexual abuse. The OG discourse model proposes deceptive trust is central to entrapment and is predominantly achieved through language, yet it is unclear whether the intent of intimacy or sex impacts the communicative and deceptive properties of the chats. Fifty-seven chatlogs categorised according to the European OG Typology were analysed to address this gap. The results showed that whilst intentions might be distinct, adults develop positive/authentic social bonds with victims, and engage in strategies to match with victims who fulfil their goal for intimacy or sex. The impact of this study on the theoretical understanding of OG informs an updated and empirical definition of OG: “OG is when cyber-technology is used to build an emotional connection with a person to exploit their vulnerabilities and gain their trust causing harm and/or distress”. PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENT This research challenges current understandings of OG that assume the process to be deceptive, demonstrating that adults are skilled at developing positive and authentic bonds with their victims regardless of their initial intent being driven by intimacy or sex. The article will therefore be of interest to both academics and practitioners working within child protection, child sexual abuse and language analysis.
The Role of Wait Time During the Questioning of Children: A Systematic Review
(Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2024) Shiau, A. Y. A., McWilliams, K., & Williams, S.
The benefits of wait time in classroom discourses have been well documented in the field of education since the 1970s. While current forensic interview guidelines recognize the importance of pauses, whether there is sufficient empirical evidence to inform wait time guidelines in the legal context remains unanswered. This systematic review aimed to synthesize and provide a holistic update on the available research on the role of wait time when questioning children and recommended future direction to develop wait time guidelines specific to child forensic interviews. Systematic searches were conducted using four databases (PsycINFO, MedLine, ERIC, and Scopus). A total of 3,953 unique articles were returned, following a title and abstract screening, 68 full texts were reviewed, and 26 (including five additional studies identified through a hand search) were included. Inclusion criteria were the study sample included children under 18, published a measure of wait time in a questioning context, and in English. Overall, most knowledge of wait time remains in the field of education. Natural wait time is short, but with training, extended wait time yields significant benefits for both child and adult talk. Only one study examined the role of wait time in the forensic interviewing setting where a 10-s wait time appears to be more productive than shorter pauses. Extended wait time is a promising and simple interviewing practice with the potential to facilitate children’s disclosure. The current review is a call for research in the area as it pertains to forensic interviewing of children and youth.
Supervisor Manual for the Field Guide to Family Advocacy
(Children’s Advocacy Centers of Mississippi & West Virginia Child Advocacy Network., 2017) Children’s Advocacy Centers of Mississippi & West Virginia Child Advocacy Network
The Field Guide to Family Advocacy is a resource developed for family advocates at Children’s Advocacy Centers to help build a knowledge foundation for the advocacy component of the multidisciplinary team response, promote reflections on practical applications of that knowledge and serve as a vehicle for supervisory or peer conversations about the essential elements of advocacy. As a supervisor of a family advocate, this companion resource is intended to help you effectively utilize the Field Guide with the advocates you supervise. The first section covers the basics of supervision, which will help you establish a solid foundation in your supervisory practice. The second section is modeled after the Field Guide and takes you section by section with additional resources you can use to help orient family advocates to their important work at Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs).
Victims of Online Sexual Abuse-Forensic Interviews and Experiences with the Legal Systems: A bibliography
(National Children's Advocacy Center, 2024) National Children's Advocacy Center
Publications listed are English language international publications on forensic interviews and legal system experiences of victims of online minor sex trafficking and sexual exploitation. Publications are divided into two sections. Section one covers forensic interviews with alleged victims of online sexual exploitation. Section two covers victim experiences in legal systems. Publications are listed in date-descending order within each section. Links are provided to open access publications
Online Child Sexual Abuse and Perpetrators
(National Children's Advocacy Center, 2024) National Children's Advocacy Center
This bibliography to published research literature covers issues related to child victims of online sexual abuse and their perpetrators. Included are English language articles, chapters, and reports. Publications are divided into two sections. The first section beginning on page 3, is specific to victims. The second section beginning on page 18 is specific to perpetrators of online abuse. Publications are listed in date descending order within each section.
Disclosure and Services for Child Victims of Online Sexual Victimization
(National Children's Advocacy Center, 2024) National Children's Advocacy Center
This bibliography provides citations and abstracts to English language publications on child disclosure of online sexual victimization, and the provision of services to these victims. While not comprehensive, every attempt has been made to include the most relevant and timely information. Publications on disclosure begin on page three. Publications on service provision to victims begin on page seven. Publications are listed in date descending order within each section. Links are provided to open access publications.
Internet Facilitated Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Minors
(National Children's Advocacy Center, 2024) National Children's Advocacy Center
This bibliography covers literature relevant to how perpetrators manipulate and groom their victims of sexual abuse online. While not comprehensive, every effort has been undertaken to provide the most relevant literature on this topic. Scholarly articles, reports, book chapters, and books are included. Links to open source publications are included. Listings are divided into two sections. While there is overlap in trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), there are also some differentiations. Therefore, publications specific to trafficking begin on page 3. Publications specific to CSE begin on page 21. Publications are listed in date descending order within each section.
The Online Manipulation (Grooming) of Victims of Sexual Abuse
(National Children's Advocacy Center, 2024) National Children's Advocacy Center
This bibliography covers literature relevant to how perpetrators manipulate and groom their victims of sexual abuse online. This bibliography is not comprehensive. Scholarly articles, reports, book chapters, and books are included. Links to open source publications are included. Publications are listed in date descending order.

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