Telemedicine practice: Review of the current ethical and legal challenges

Abstract

Telemedicine involves medical practice and information and communications technology. It has been proven to be very effective for remote health care, especially in areas with poor provision of health facilities. However, implementation of these technologies is often hampered by various issues. Among these, ethical and legal concerns are some of the more complex and diverse ones. In this study, an analysis of scientific literature was carried out to identify the ethical and legal challenges of telemedicine. English literature, published between 2010 and 2019, was searched on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by using keywords, including ‘‘Telemedicine,’’ ‘‘Ethics,’’ ‘‘Malpractice,’’ ‘‘Telemedicine and Ethics,’’ ‘‘Telemedicine and Informed consent,’’ and ‘‘telemedicine and malpractice.’’ Different types of articles were analyzed, including research articles, review articles, and qualitative studies. The abstracts were evaluated according to the selection criteria, using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale criteria, and the final analysis led to the inclusion of 22 articles. From the aforementioned sample, we analyzed elements that may be indicative of the efficacy of telemedicine in an adequate time frame. Ethical aspects such as informed consent, protection data, confidentiality, physician’s malpractice, and liability and telemedicine regulations were considered. Our objective was to highlight the current status and identify what still needs to be implemented in tele medicine with respect to ethical and legal standards. Gaps emerged between current legislation, legislators, service providers, different medical services, and most importantly patient interaction with his/her data and the use of that data.